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Ancient Assyrian city

"Ninevites" redirects hither. For the Due south African criminal and resistance motion, see Umkosi Wezintaba.

Nineveh

نَيْنَوَىٰ
The reconstructed Mashki Gate of Nineveh (since destroyed by ISIL)
Shown within Iraq Show map of Iraq Nineveh (Near East) Show map of Near E
Location	Mosul, Nineveh Governorate, Iraq
Region	Mesopotamia
Coordinates	36°21′34″N 43°09′10″E  /  36.35944°Due north 43.15278°E  / 36.35944; 43.15278 Coordinates: 36°21′34″Northward 43°09′10″Eastward  /  36.35944°Northward 43.15278°E  / 36.35944; 43.15278
Type	Settlement
Area	seven.5 km2 (2.9 sq mi)
History
Abased	612 BC
Events	Boxing of Nineveh (612 BC)

Nineveh (; Arabic: نَيْنَوَىٰ Naynawā ; Syriac: ܢܝܼܢܘܹܐ, romanized: Nīnwē ;^[1] Akkadian: 𒌷𒉌𒉡𒀀 ^URUNI.NU.A Ninua ) was an aboriginal Assyrian city of Upper Mesopotamia, located on the outskirts of Mosul in modern-day northern Iraq. It is located on the eastern bank of the Tigris River and was the capital letter and largest metropolis of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, as well as the largest city in the world for several decades. Today, it is a common name for the half of Mosul that lies on the eastern bank of the Tigris, and the country's Nineveh Governorate takes its name from information technology.

It was the largest city in the world for approximately fifty years^[2] until the year 612 BC when, afterward a biting period of civil war in Assyria, it was sacked by a coalition of its former subject peoples including the Babylonians, Medes, Persians, Scythians and Cimmerians. The city was never again a political or authoritative center, only by Belatedly Antiquity it was the seat of a Christian bishop. It declined relative to Mosul during the Heart Ages and was mostly abased by the 13th century AD.

Its ruins lie across the river from the mod-day major city of Mosul, in Iraq's Nineveh Governorate. The two chief tells, or mound-ruins, within the walls are Tell Kuyunjiq and Tell Nabī Yūnus, site of a shrine to Jonah, the prophet who preached to Nineveh. Large amounts of Assyrian sculpture and other artifacts take been excavated in that location, and are now located in museums around the globe.

Name [edit]

Artist'south impression of Assyrian palaces from The Monuments of Nineveh by Sir Austen Henry Layard, 1853

The English language placename Nineveh comes from Latin Nīnevē and Septuagint Greek Nineuḗ ( Νινευή ) under influence of the Biblical Hebrew Nīnəweh ( נִינְוֶה ),^[three] from the Akkadian Ninua (var. Ninâ)^[4] or Erstwhile Babylonian Ninuwā .^[3] The original meaning of the name is unclear simply may have referred to a patron goddess. The cuneiform for Ninâ (𒀏) is a fish within a firm (cf. Aramaic nuna, "fish"). This may have simply intended "Place of Fish" or may accept indicated a goddess associated with fish or the Tigris, possibly originally of Hurrian origin.^[4] The city was after said to be devoted to "the goddess Ishtar of Nineveh" and Nina was ane of the Sumerian and Assyrian names of that goddess.^[4]

Additionally, the word נון/נונא in Old Babylonian refers to the Anthiinae genus of fish,^[five] further indicating the possibility of an clan betwixt the name Nineveh and fish.

The metropolis was too known as Ninuwa in Mari;^[four] Ninawa in Aramaic;^[4] Ninwe (ܢܸܢܘܵܐ) in Syriac;^{[ commendation needed ]} and Nainavā ( نینوا ) in Persian.

Nabī Yūnus is the Standard arabic for "Prophet Jonah". Kuyunjiq was, according to Layard, a Turkish name, and information technology was known every bit Armousheeah by the Arabs,^[6] and is idea to have some connection with the Kara Koyunlu dynasty.^[vii] These toponyms refer to the areas to the North and South of the Khosr stream, respectively: Kuyunjiq is the proper noun for the whole northern sector enclosed past the city walls and is dominated by the big (35 ha) mound of Tell Kuyunjiq, while Nabī (or more commonly Nebi) Yunus is the southern sector around of the mosque of Prophet Yunus/Jonah, which is located on Tell Nebi Yunus.

Geography [edit]

The remains of ancient Nineveh, the areas of Kuyunjiq and Nabī Yūnus with their mounds, are located on a level function of the patently at the junction of the Tigris and the Khosr Rivers within an surface area of 750 hectares (1,900 acres)^[8] circumscribed past a 12-kilometre (vii.5 mi) fortification wall. This whole extensive space is now 1 immense area of ruins overlaid past c. one third by the Nebi Yunus suburbs of the metropolis of eastern Mosul.^[9]

The site of ancient Nineveh is bisected past the Khosr river. North of the Khosr, the site is called Kuyunjiq, including the acropolis of Tell Kuyunjiq; the illegal hamlet of Rahmaniye lay in eastern Kuyunjiq. South of the Khosr, the urbanized area is called Nebi Yunus (likewise Ghazliya, Jezayr, Jammasa), including Tell Nebi Yunus where the mosque of the Prophet Jonah and a palace of Esarhaddon/Ashurbanipal below it are located. Southward of the street Al-'Asady (made by Daesh destroying swaths of the city walls) the area is called Jounub Ninawah or Shara Pepsi.

Nineveh was an important junction for commercial routes crossing the Tigris on the great roadway betwixt the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, thus uniting the East and the West, it received wealth from many sources, so that it became i of the greatest of all the region'due south ancient cities,^[ten] and the terminal capital of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.

History [edit]

Early history [edit]

Nineveh was ane of the oldest and greatest cities in antiquity. Texts from the Hellenistic period later offered an eponymous Ninus as the founder of Νίνου πόλις (Ninopolis), although there is no historical basis for this. Book of Genesis ten:11 says "Nimrod", perhaps meaning Sargon I, built Nineveh. The context of Nineveh was as one of many centers within the regional development of Upper Mesopotamia. This area is defined as the plains which tin back up pelting-fed agronomics. It exists as a narrow band from the Syrian declension to the Zagros mountains. It is bordered by deserts to the south and mountains to the north. The cultural practices, technology, and economic system in this region were shared and they followed a similar trajectory out of the neolithic.

Neolithic [edit]

Caves in the Zagros Mountains side by side to the north side of the Nineveh Plains were used as PPNA settlements, nigh famously Shanidar Cave. Nineveh itself was founded equally early as 6000 BC during the late Neolithic period. Deep sounding at Nineveh uncovered soil layers that have been dated to early in the era of the Hassuna archaeological civilization.^[12] The development and civilization of Nineveh paralleled Tepe Gawra and Tell Arpachiyah a few kilometers to the northeast. Nineveh was a typical farming village in the Halaf Menstruum.

Chalcolithic [edit]

In 5000 BC, Nineveh transitioned from a Halaf hamlet to an Ubaid village. During the Late Chalcolithic period Nineveh was part 1 of the few Ubaid villages in Upper Mesopotamia which became a proto-metropolis Ugarit, Brak, Hamoukar, Arbela, Alep, and regionally at Susa, Eridu, Nippur. During the menstruum betwixt 4500 and 4000 BC it grew to 40ha. The Ghassulians who migrated to Canaan circa 4800 BC came from the Zagros mountains to the firsthand northeast of Nineveh, according to genetic studies.

The greater Nineveh area is notable in the diffusion of metal technology across the near due east as the first location outside of Anatolia to smelt copper. Tell Arpachiyah has the oldest copper smelting remains, and Tepe Gawa has the oldest metal piece of work. The copper came from the mines at Ergani.

Early Statuary Age [edit]

Nineveh became a trade colony of Uruk during the Uruk Expansion because of its location as the highest navigable point on the Tigris. It was contemporary and had a similar function to Habuba Kabira on the Euphrates. By 3000 BC, Kish civilization had expanded into Nineveh. At this time, the main temple of Nineveh becomes known every bit Ishtar temple, re-defended to the Semite goddess Ishtar, in the form of Ishtar of Nineveh. Ishtar of Nineveh was conflated with Šauška from the Hurro-Urartian pantheon. This temple was called 'Firm of Exorcists' (Cuneiform: 𒂷𒈦𒈦 GA₂.MAŠ.MAŠ; Sumerian: e₂ mašmaš).^{[13] [xiv]} The context of the etymology surrounding the name is the Exorcist chosen a Mashmash in Sumerian, was a freelance magician who operated independent of the official priesthood, and was in part a medical professional via the act of expelling demons.

Ninevite 5 period [edit]

The regional influence of Nineveh became specially pronounced during the archaeological menstruum known equally Ninevite 5, or Ninevite V (2900–2600 BC). This menses is divers primarily by the characteristic pottery that is found widely throughout Upper Mesopotamia.^[15] Also, for the Upper Mesopotamian region, the Early Jezirah chronology has been adult by archaeologists. According to this regional chronology, 'Ninevite 5' is equivalent to the Early Jezirah I–II menses.^[xvi]

Ninevite 5 was preceded by the Late Uruk period. Ninevite v pottery is roughly contemporary to the Early Transcaucasian culture ware, and the Jemdet Nasr period ware.^[15] Iraqi Scarlet Ware culture also belongs to this period; this colourful painted pottery is somewhat similar to Jemdet Nasr ware. Scarlet Ware was first documented in the Diyala River basin in Iraq. Afterward, information technology was too found in the nearby Hamrin Bowl, and in Luristan. It is as well gimmicky with the Proto-Elamite period in Susa.

• Styles Related to Ninevah 5

• 

  Painted Jar - Ninevite 5

• 

  Painted bowl - Uruk-Nineveh 5 transition

• 

  Jemdet Nasr ware

• 

  Proto-Elamite ware 3100BC

• 

  Kura-Araxtes Culture

Late Bronze Historic period [edit]

At this time Nineveh was however an autonomous urban center-state. It was incorporated into the Akkadian Empire. The early on city (and subsequent buildings) was constructed on a error line and, consequently, suffered damage from a number of earthquakes. I such result destroyed the commencement temple of Ishtar, which was rebuilt in 2260 BC by the Akkadian king Manishtushu. After the fall of Ur in 2000 BC Nineveh was captivated into the rising power of Assyria.

Old Assyrian period [edit]

The celebrated Nineveh is mentioned in the Old Assyrian Empire during the reign of Shamshi-Adad I (1809-1775) in near 1800 BC every bit a center of worship of Ishtar, whose cult was responsible for the city's early importance.

Mitanni period [edit]

Artist's impression of a hall in an Assyrian palace from The Monuments of Nineveh by Sir Austen Henry Layard, 1853

The goddess'due south statue was sent to Pharaoh Amenhotep III of Egypt in the 14th century BC, past orders of the king of Mitanni. The Assyrian city of Nineveh became one of Mitanni's vassals for one-half a century until the early on 14th century BC.

Middle Assyrian menstruation [edit]

The Assyrian king Ashur-uballit I reclaimed information technology in 1365 BC while overthrowing the Mitanni Empire and creating the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1050 BC).^[17]

There is a large body of evidence to show that Assyrian monarchs congenital extensively in Nineveh during the late 3rd and second millenniums BC; it appears to have been originally an "Assyrian provincial town". Subsequently monarchs whose inscriptions have appeared on the high metropolis include the Middle Assyrian Empire kings Shalmaneser I (1274–1245 BC) and Tiglath-Pileser I (1114–1076 BC), both of whom were active builders in Assur (Ashur).

Fe Age [edit]

Neo-Assyrians [edit]

During the Neo-Assyrian Empire, particularly from the time of Ashurnasirpal II (ruled 883–859 BC) onward, at that place was considerable architectural expansion. Successive monarchs such as Tiglath-pileser Three, Sargon II, Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, and Ashurbanipal maintained and founded new palaces, as well equally temples to Sîn, Ashur, Nergal, Shamash, Ninurta, Ishtar, Tammuz, Nisroch and Nabu.

Sennacherib's evolution of Nineveh [edit]

It was Sennacherib who made Nineveh a truly magnificent urban center (c. 700 BC). He laid out new streets and squares and built inside it the South Westward Palace, or "palace without a rival", the program of which has been mostly recovered and has overall dimensions of about 503 by 242 metres (1,650 ft × 794 ft). It comprised at least 80 rooms, many of which were lined with sculpture. A large number of cuneiform tablets were found in the palace. The solid foundation was made out of limestone blocks and mud bricks; it was 22 metres (72 ft) alpine. In full, the foundation is made of roughly 2,680,000 cubic metres (3,505,308 cu yd) of brick (approximately 160 million bricks). The walls on top, made out of mud brick, were an boosted 20 metres (66 ft) tall.

Some of the main doorways were flanked by colossal stone lamassu door figures weighing upwards to thirty,000 kilograms (xxx t); these were winged Mesopotamian lions^[18] or bulls, with human being heads. These were transported 50 kilometres (31 mi) from quarries at Balatai, and they had to be lifted up 20 metres (66 ft) one time they arrived at the site, presumably past a ramp. There are also iii,000 metres (9,843 ft) of rock Assyrian palace reliefs, that include pictorial records documenting every construction footstep including etching the statues and transporting them on a barge. Ane moving-picture show shows 44 men towing a colossal statue. The carving shows three men directing the operation while standing on the Colossus. In one case the statues arrived at their destination, the concluding carving was washed. Most of the statues weigh between ix,000 and 27,000 kilograms (19,842 and 59,525 lb).^[xix]

The rock carvings in the walls include many battle scenes, impalings and scenes showing Sennacherib's men parading the spoils of war before him. The inscriptions boasted of his conquests: he wrote of Babylon: "Its inhabitants, immature and old, I did not spare, and with their corpses I filled the streets of the city." A total and characteristic set shows the campaign leading up to the siege of Lachish in 701; it is the "finest" from the reign of Sennacherib, and now in the British Museum.^[20] He later wrote nigh a boxing in Lachish: "And Hezekiah of Judah who had not submitted to my yoke...him I shut upwards in Jerusalem his royal metropolis like a caged bird. Earthworks I threw up against him, and anyone coming out of his city gate I fabricated pay for his crime. His cities which I had plundered I had cut off from his land."^[21]

At this time, the full surface area of Nineveh comprised about 7 square kilometres (1,730 acres), and fifteen great gates penetrated its walls. An elaborate organization of eighteen canals brought water from the hills to Nineveh, and several sections of a magnificently constructed aqueduct erected by Sennacherib were discovered at Jerwan, nearly 65 kilometres (twoscore mi) afar.^[22] The enclosed expanse had more than 100,000 inhabitants (maybe closer to 150,000), about twice as many as Babylon at the time, placing it amidst the largest settlements worldwide.

Some scholars such as Stephanie Dalley at Oxford believe that the garden which Sennacherib congenital adjacent to his palace, with its associated irrigation works, were the original Hanging Gardens of Babylon; Dalley's argument is based on a disputation of the traditional placement of the Hanging Gardens attributed to Berossus together with a combination of literary and archaeological testify.^[23]

After Ashurbanipal [edit]

The walls of Nineveh at the time of Ashurbanipal. 645-640 BC. British Museum BM 124938.^[24]

The greatness of Nineveh was brusk-lived. In around 627 BC, later the death of its last great king Ashurbanipal, the Neo-Assyrian Empire began to unravel through a serial of bitter civil wars between rival claimants for the throne, and in 616 BC Assyria was attacked by its own former vassals, the Babylonians, Chaldeans, Medes, Persians, Scythians and Cimmerians. In about 616 BC Kalhu was sacked, the allied forces eventually reached Nineveh, besieging and sacking the city in 612 BC, post-obit bitter house-to-house fighting, later on which information technology was razed. Well-nigh of the people in the city who could not escape to the last Assyrian strongholds in the north and west were either massacred or deported out of the city and into the countryside where they founded new settlements. Many unburied skeletons were found by the archaeologists at the site. The Assyrian Empire and so came to an end by 605 BC, the Medes and Babylonians dividing its colonies betwixt themselves.

It is not clear whether Nineveh came nether the rule of the Medes or the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 612. The Babylonian Chronicle Apropos the Fall of Nineveh records that Nineveh was "turned into mounds and heaps", merely this is literary hyperbole. The complete destruction of Nineveh has traditionally been seen equally confirmed by the Hebrew Book of Ezekiel and the Greek Retreat of the 10 Thousand of Xenophon (d. 354 BC).^[25] There are no afterward cuneiform tablets in Akkadian from Nineveh. Although devastated in 612, the metropolis was non completely abased.^[25] However, to the Greek historians Ctesias and Herodotus (c. 400 BC), Nineveh was a thing of the by; and when Xenophon passed the place in the 4th century BC he described it as abandoned.^[26]

Later history [edit]

The primeval piece of written evidence for the persistence of Nineveh as a settlement is perhaps the Cyrus Cylinder of 539/538 BC, simply the reading of this is disputed. If correctly read as Nineveh, information technology indicates that Cyrus the Peachy restored the temple of Ishtar at Nineveh and probably encouraged resettlement. A number of cuneiform Elamite tablets accept been found at Nineveh. They probably date from the fourth dimension of the revival of Elam in the century following the collapse of Assyria. The Hebrew Book of Jonah, Stephanie Dalley asserts was written in the 4th century BC, is an account of the city'southward repentance and God's mercy which prevented destruction.^[25]

Archaeologically, at that place is evidence of repairs at the temple of Nabu subsequently 612 and for the continued utilise of Sennacherib'due south palace. There is evidence of syncretic Hellenistic cults. A statue of Hermes has been institute and a Greek inscription attached to a shrine of the Sebitti. A statue of Herakles Epitrapezios dated to the 2nd century Advert has besides been constitute.^[25] The library of Ashurbanipal may notwithstanding take been in use until effectually the fourth dimension of Alexander the Cracking.^{[ contradictory ]}

The urban center was actively resettled under the Seleucid Empire.^[27] There is evidence of more changes in Sennacherib'southward palace under the Parthian Empire. The Parthians too established a municipal mint at Nineveh coining in bronze.^[25] According to Tacitus, in Advert 50 Meherdates, a claimant to the Parthian throne with Roman back up, took Nineveh.^[28]

Past Late Antiquity, Nineveh was restricted to the east banking company of the Tigris and the west banking company was uninhabited. Under the Sasanian Empire, Nineveh was non an authoritative centre. By the 2nd century AD at that place were Christians present and by 554 it was a bishopric of the Church of the East. King Khosrow 2 (591–628) built a fortress on the due west bank, and two Christian monasteries were constructed around 570 and 595. This growing settlement was not called Mosul until subsequently the Arab conquests. It may have been called Hesnā ʿEbrāyē (Jews' Fort).^[27]

In 627, the city was the site of the Boxing of Nineveh between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sasanians. In 641, it was conquered by the Arabs, who built a mosque on the west bank and turned it into an administrative eye. Under the Umayyad dynasty, it eclipsed Nineveh, which was reduced to a Christian suburb with limited new construction. By the 13th century, Nineveh was generally ruins. A church building was converted into a Muslim shrine to the prophet Jonah, which continued to concenter pilgrims until its devastation by ISIL in 2014.^[27]

Biblical Nineveh [edit]

In the Hebrew Bible, Nineveh is offset mentioned in Genesis ten:eleven: "Ashur left that land, and congenital Nineveh". Some mod English translations interpret "Ashur" in the Hebrew of this verse equally the country "Assyria" rather than a person, thus making Nimrod, rather than Ashur, the founder of Nineveh. Sir Walter Raleigh'southward notion that Nimrod built Nineveh, and the cities in Genesis 10:eleven–12, has besides been refuted by scholars.^[29] The discovery of the fifteen Jubilees texts found amongst the Expressionless Sea Scrolls, has since shown that, according to the Jewish sects of Qumran, Genesis 10:eleven affirms the circulation of Nineveh to Ashur.^{[30] [31]} The attribution of Nineveh to Ashur is as well supported past the Greek Septuagint, King James Bible, Geneva Bible, and past Historian Flavius Josephus in his Antiquities of the Jews (Antiquities, i, 6, 4).^{[32] [33] [34] [35] [ not-main source needed ]}

The Prophet Jonah earlier the Walls of Nineveh, drawing past Rembrandt, c. 1655

Nineveh was the flourishing capital letter of the Assyrian Empire^[36] and was the home of Rex Sennacherib, King of Assyria, during the Biblical reign of King Hezekiah (יְחִזְקִיָּהוּ) and the lifetime of Judean prophet Isaiah (ישעיה). As recorded in Hebrew scripture, Nineveh was as well the place where Sennacherib died at the hands of his two sons, who then fled to the vassal land of `rrt Urartu.^[37] The book of the prophet Nahum is almost exclusively taken up with prophetic denunciations against Nineveh. Its ruin and utter desolation are foretold.^{[38] [39]} Its end was strange, sudden, and tragic.^[40] Co-ordinate to the Bible, it was God'due south doing, His judgment on Assyria's pride.^[41] In fulfillment of prophecy, God made "an utter cease of the place". It became a "desolation". The prophet Zephaniah likewise^[42] predicts its devastation along with the autumn of the empire of which it was the capital. Nineveh is too the setting of the Book of Tobit.

The Book of Jonah, set in the days of the Assyrian Empire, describes it^{[43] [44]} as an "exceedingly keen metropolis of three days' journey in breadth", whose population at that fourth dimension is given as "more than than 120,000". Genesis 10:11-12 lists 4 cities "Nineveh, Rehoboth, Calah, and Resen", ambiguously stating that either Resen or Calah is "the great city."^[45] The ruins of Kuyunjiq, Nimrud, Karamlesh and Khorsabad form the four corners of an irregular quadrangle. The ruins of the "cracking city" Nineveh, with the whole area included inside the parallelogram they grade past lines drawn from the one to the other, are generally regarded as consisting of these iv sites. The clarification of Nineveh in Jonah likely was a reference to greater Nineveh, including the surrounding cities of Rehoboth, Calah and Resen^[46] The Book of Jonah depicts Nineveh every bit a wicked metropolis worthy of devastation. God sent Jonah to preach to the Ninevites of their coming destruction, and they fasted and repented because of this. Every bit a result, God spared the urban center; when Jonah protests confronting this, God states He is showing mercy for the population who are ignorant of the divergence between right and wrong ("who cannot discern betwixt their right mitt and their left hand"^[47]) and mercy for the animals in the metropolis.

Nineveh's repentance and salvation from evil tin can exist establish in the Hebrew Tanakh, aka the Old Attestation, and referred to in the Christian Bible and Muslim Quran.^[48] To this day, Syriac and Oriental Orthodox churches commemorate the 3 days Jonah spent inside the fish during the Fast of Nineveh. The Christians observing this holiday fast by refraining from food and drink. Churches encourage followers to refrain from meat, fish and dairy products.^[49]

Archæology [edit]

The location of Nineveh was known, to some, continuously through the Middle Ages. Benjamin of Tudela visited it in 1170; Petachiah of Regensburg presently afterward.^[50]

Carsten Niebuhr recorded its location during the 1761–67 Danish expedition. Niebuhr wrote afterward that "I did non learn that I was at so remarkable a spot, till near the river. Then they showed me a village on a great hill, which they call Nunia, and a mosque, in which the prophet Jonah was cached. Another hill in this district is called Kalla Nunia, or the Castle of Nineveh. On that lies a village Koindsjug."^[51]

Digging history [edit]

In 1842, the French Consul General at Mosul, Paul-Émile Botta, began to search the vast mounds that lay along the opposite depository financial institution of the river. While at Tell Kuyunjiq he had niggling success, the locals whom he employed in these excavations, to their great surprise, came upon the ruins of a building at the 20 km far-away mound of Khorsabad, which, on further exploration, turned out to exist the purple palace of Sargon II, in which large numbers of reliefs were found and recorded, though they had been damaged by burn down and were more often than not too fragile to remove.

In 1847 the young British diplomat Austen Henry Layard explored the ruins.^{[52] [53] [54] [55]} Layard did non utilise modern archaeological methods; his stated goal was "to obtain the largest possible number of well preserved objects of fine art at the least possible outlay of fourth dimension and money."^[56] In the Kuyunjiq mound, Layard rediscovered in 1849 the lost palace of Sennacherib with its 71 rooms and colossal bas-reliefs. He likewise unearthed the palace and famous library of Ashurbanipal with 22,000 cuneiform clay tablets. Most of Layard'south fabric was sent to the British Museum, but others were dispersed elsewhere equally two large pieces which were given to Lady Charlotte Guest and eventually found their way to the Metropolitan Museum.^[57] The written report of the archeology of Nineveh reveals the wealth and celebrity of ancient Assyria nether kings such as Esarhaddon (681–669 BC) and Ashurbanipal (669–626 BC).

The work of exploration was carried on by Hormuzd Rassam (an Assyrian), George Smith and others, and a vast treasury of specimens of Assyria was incrementally exhumed for European museums. Palace after palace was discovered, with their decorations and their sculptured slabs, revealing the life and manners of this ancient people, their arts of war and peace, the forms of their organized religion, the manner of their compages, and the magnificence of their monarchs.^{[58] [59]}

The mound of Kuyunjiq was excavated once again by the archaeologists of the British Museum, led by Leonard William King, at the start of the 20th century. Their efforts concentrated on the site of the Temple of Nabu, the god of writing, where another cuneiform library was supposed to exist. However, no such library was ever constitute: most probable, it had been destroyed past the activities of later residents.

The excavations started once again in 1927, under the direction of Campbell Thompson, who had taken part in King's expeditions.^{[60] [61] [62] [63]} Some works were carried out outside Kuyunjiq, for instance on the mound of Tell Nebi Yunus, which was the ancient armory of Nineveh, or along the outside walls. Hither, near the northwestern corner of the walls, beyond the pavement of a later edifice, the archaeologists found well-nigh 300 fragments of prisms recording the majestic register of Sennacherib, Esarhaddon, and Ashurbanipal, beside a prism of Esarhaddon which was well-nigh perfect.

Later on the 2nd Earth War, several excavations were carried out by Iraqi archaeologists. From 1951 to 1958, Mohammed Ali Mustafa worked the site.^{[64] [65]} The piece of work was continued from 1967 through 1971 by Tariq Madhloom.^{[66] [67] [68]} Some additional excavation occurred past Manhal Jabur from the early 1970s to 1987. For the most part, these digs focused on Tell Nebi Yunus.

The British archaeologist and Assyriologist Professor David Stronach of the University of California, Berkeley conducted a series of surveys and digs at the site from 1987 to 1990, focusing his attentions on the several gates and the existent mudbrick walls, every bit well every bit the system that supplied water to the city in times of siege. The excavation reports are in progress.^[69]

Almost recently, an Iraqi-Italian Archaeological Trek past the Alma Mater Studiorum - Academy of Bologna and the Iraqi SBAH, led past prof. Nicolò Marchetti, begun (with iii campaigns having taken place thus far in the Autumn betwixt 2022 and 2021) a long-term projection aiming at the earthworks, conservation and public presentation of Eastern Nineveh (NINEV_E projection). Work was carried out in eleven excavation areas, from the Adad Gate - now completely repaired (later removing hundreds of tons of droppings from ISIL's destructions), explored and protected with a new roof - deep into the Nebi Yunus boondocks. In 3 areas a thick later stratigraphy was encountered, but the late 7th century BC stratum was reached everywhere (actually in two areas in the pre-Sennacherib lower town the excavations already exposed older strata, up to the 11th-century BC until now, aiming in the time to come at exploring the showtime settlement therein). The site is profoundly endangered with dumping of droppings, illegal settlements and quarrying every bit the main threats.

Archaeological remains [edit]

Humvee down after ISIS attack

Today, Nineveh's location is marked by ii large mounds, Tell Kuyunjiq and Tell Nabī Yūnus "Prophet Jonah", and the remains of the city walls (about 12 kilometres (vii mi) in circumference). The Neo-Assyrian levels of Kuyunjiq have been extensively explored. The other mound, Nabī Yūnus, has not been as extensively explored considering there was an Arab Muslim shrine dedicated to that prophet on the site. On July 24, 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant destroyed the shrine as part of a entrada to destroy religious sanctuaries it accounted "un-Islamic,"^[70] but besides to loot that site through tunneling.

The ruin mound of Kuyunjiq rises about 20 metres (66 ft) above the surrounding evidently of the ancient city. It is quite broad, measuring about 800 past 500 metres (2,625 ft × 1,640 ft). Its upper layers have been extensively excavated, and several Neo-Assyrian palaces and temples accept been found there. A deep sounding by Max Mallowan revealed evidence of habitation as early on as the sixth millennium BC. Today, at that place is little evidence of these old excavations other than weathered pits and earth piles. In 1990, the simply Assyrian remains visible were those of the entry courtroom and the get-go few chambers of the Palace of Sennacherib. Since that time, the palace chambers have received significant damage by looters. Portions of relief sculptures that were in the palace chambers in 1990 were seen on the antiquities market place by 1996. Photographs of the chambers made in 2003 show that many of the fine relief sculptures at that place have been reduced to piles of rubble.

Winged Bull excavated at Tell Nebi Yunus past Iraqi archaeologists

Tell Nebi Yunus is located about i kilometre (0.half-dozen mi) southward of Kuyunjiq and is the secondary ruin mound at Nineveh. On the basis of texts of Sennacherib, the site has traditionally been identified equally the "armory" of Nineveh, and a gate and pavements excavated by Iraqis in 1954 have been considered to be part of the "armory" complex. Excavations in 1990 revealed a awe-inspiring entryway consisting of a number of big inscribed orthostats and "bull-homo" sculptures, some plainly unfinished.

Post-obit the liberation of Mosul, the tunnels under Tell Nebi Yunus were explored in 2018, in which a 3000-year-old palace was discovered, including a pair of reliefs, each showing a row of women, forth with reliefs of lamassu.^[71]

City wall and gates [edit]

Simplified plan of aboriginal Nineveh showing city wall and location of gateways

The ruins of Nineveh are surrounded by the remains of a massive stone and mudbrick wall dating from almost 700 BC. Almost 12 km in length, the wall system consisted of an ashlar stone retaining wall about vi metres (20 ft) high surmounted by a mudbrick wall most 10 metres (33 ft) high and 15 metres (49 ft) thick. The rock retaining wall had projecting stone towers spaced about every 18 metres (59 ft). The stone wall and towers were topped past 3-step merlons.

Five of the gateways have been explored to some extent by archaeologists:

• Mashki Gate (ماشکی دروازه)

Translated "Gate of the Water Carriers", (Mashki from Persian root word Mashk, meaning waterskin), likewise Masqi Gate (Standard arabic: بوابة مسقي),^[72] it was perhaps used to take livestock to water from the Tigris which currently flows virtually 1.v kilometres (0.9 mi) to the west. It has been reconstructed in fortified mudbrick to the height of the pinnacle of the vaulted passageway. The Assyrian original may have been plastered and ornamented. Information technology was bulldozed forth with the Adad Gate during ISIL occupation.^[73]

• Nergal Gate

Named for the god Nergal, it may take been used for some formalism purpose, as it is the only known gate flanked past rock sculptures of winged bull-men (lamassu). The reconstruction is conjectural, equally the gate was excavated by Layard in the mid-19th century and reconstructed in the mid-20th century. The lamassu on this gate were defaced with a jackhammer past ISIL forces.^[74]

• Adad Gate

Photo of the restored Adad Gate, taken prior to the gate'southward destruction by ISIL in April 2016^[73]

Adad Gate was named for the god Adad. A reconstruction was begun in the 1960s by Iraqis merely was not completed. The outcome was a mixture of physical and eroding mudbrick, which nonetheless does give some idea of the original construction. The excavator left some features unexcavated, assuasive a view of the original Assyrian construction. The original brickwork of the outer vaulted passageway was well exposed, equally was the archway of the vaulted stairway to the upper levels. The actions of Nineveh's last defenders could exist seen in the hastily built mudbrick construction which narrowed the passageway from 4 to 2 metres (13 to seven ft). Effectually April 13, 2016, ISIL demolished both the gate and the side by side wall by flattening them with a bulldozer.^{[75] [73]}

• Shamash Gate

Named for the Sunday god Shamash, it opens to the road to Erbil. It was excavated past Layard in the 19th century. The stone retaining wall and part of the mudbrick structure were reconstructed in the 1960s. The mudbrick reconstruction has deteriorated significantly. The rock wall projects outward well-nigh 20 metres (66 ft) from the line of main wall for a width of about lxx metres (230 ft). It is the but gate with such a significant projection. The mound of its remains towers in a higher place the surrounding terrain. Its size and design suggest it was the most important gate in Neo-Assyrian times.

• Hali Gate

Virtually the south end of the eastern metropolis wall. Exploratory excavations were undertaken here past the Academy of California, Berkeley expedition of 1989–1990. There is an outward projection of the urban center wall, though non equally pronounced as at the Shamash Gate. The entry passage had been narrowed with mudbrick to about 2 metres (7 ft) every bit at the Adad Gate. Man remains from the last battle of Nineveh were found in the passageway. ^[76] Located in the eastern wall, it is the southernmost and largest of all the remaining gates of aboriginal Nineveh.^[72]

Threats to the site [edit]

Already in 2003, the site of Nineveh was exposed to decay of its reliefs by a lack of proper protective roofing, vandalism and looting holes dug into sleeping room floors.^[77] Hereafter preservation is further compromised by the site's proximity to expanding suburbs.

The ailing Mosul Dam is a persistent threat to Nineveh too as the urban center of Mosul. This is in no minor part due to years of busted (in 2006, the U.Southward. Army Corps of Engineers cited it as the most dangerous dam in the earth), the cancellation of a second dam project in the 1980s to act as flood relief in case of failure, and occupation by ISIL in 2022 resulting in fleeing workers and stolen equipment. If the dam fails, the entire site could be under as much every bit 45 feet (14 m) of water.^[78]

In an Oct 2010 study titled Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, Global Heritage Fund named Nineveh i of 12 sites most "on the verge" of irreparable devastation and loss, citing insufficient management, development pressures and looting every bit primary causes.^[79]

By far, the greatest threat to Nineveh has been purposeful man actions past ISIL, which first occupied the surface area in the mid-2010s. In early on 2015, they announced their intention to destroy the walls of Nineveh if the Iraqis tried to liberate the city. They as well threatened to destroy artifacts.^{[ commendation needed ]} On Feb 26 they destroyed several items and statues in the Mosul Museum and are believed to have plundered others to sell overseas. The items were by and large from the Assyrian exhibit, which ISIL declared blasphemous and idolatrous. At that place were 300 items in the museum out of a total of 1,900, with the other i,600 being taken to the National Museum of Republic of iraq in Baghdad for security reasons prior to the 2022 Fall of Mosul.^{[ according to whom? ]} Some of the artifacts sold and/or destroyed were from Nineveh.^{[80] [81]} Just a few days afterwards the destruction of the museum pieces, they demolished remains at major UNESCO world heritage sites Khorsabad, Nimrud, and Hatra.

Rogation of the Ninevites (Nineveh'due south Wish) [edit]

Assyrians of the Aboriginal Church building of the E, Chaldean Catholic Church, Syriac Cosmic Church building, Syriac Orthodox Church, Assyrian Church building of the E and Saint Thomas Christians of the Syro-Malabar Church discover a fast called Ba'uta d-Ninwe (ܒܥܘܬܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܐ) which means Nineveh'southward Prayer. Copts and Ethiopian Orthodox also maintain this fast.^[82]

Popular culture [edit]

The English Romantic poet Edwin Atherstone wrote an epic The Fall of Nineveh.^[83] The work tells of an uprising against its king Sardanapalus of all the nations that were dominated by the Assyrian Empire. He is a great criminal. He has had one hundred prisoners of war executed. After a long struggle the town is conquered by Median and Babylonian troops led by prince Arbaces and priest Belesis. The king sets his ain palace on fire and dies inside together with all his concubines.

John Martin, The Autumn of Nineveh

Atherstone's friend, the artist John Martin, created a painting of the same name inspired past the verse form. The English poet John Masefield's well-known, fanciful 1903 poem Cargoes mentions Nineveh in its first line. Nineveh is also mentioned in Rudyard Kipling'due south 1897 poem Recessional and in Arthur O'Shaughnessy'due south 1873 poem Ode.

The 1962 Italian peplum pic, State of war Gods of Babylon, is based on the sacking and autumn of Nineveh by the combined insubordinate armies led past the Babylonians.

In Jonah: A VeggieTales Moving picture, Jonah must travel to Nineveh.

In the 1973 moving-picture show The Exorcist Father Lankester Merrin was on an archeological dig nigh Nineveh prior to returning to the United States and leading the exorcism of Reagan MacNiel.

See also [edit]

• Cities of the ancient Near Due east
• Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL
• Historical urban customs sizes
• Isaac of Nineveh
• Listing of megalithic sites
• Nanshe
• Short chronology timeline
• Tel Keppe

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Thomas A. Carlson et al., "Nineveh — ܢܝܢܘܐ " in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified June 30, 2014, http://syriaca.org/place/144.
2. ^ Rosenberg, Matt T. "Largest Cities Through History". geography.nearly.com. Retrieved vi May 2013.
3. ^ ^{a b} Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. "Ninevite, northward. and adj." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2013.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Nineveh", Encyclopaedia Judaica, Gale Group, 2008 .
5. ^ Jastrow, Marcus (1996). A Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmud Babli, Talmud Yerushalmi and Midrashic Literature. NYC: The Judaica Printing, Inc. p. 888.
6. ^ Layard, 1849, p.xxi, "...called Kuyunjiq by the Turks, and Armousheeah past the Arabs"
7. ^ "Koyundjik", Eastward. J. Brill's Start Encyclopaedia of Islam, p. 1083 .
8. ^ Mieroop, Marc van de (1997). The Aboriginal Mesopotamian Metropolis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 95. ISBN9780191588457.
9. ^ Geoffrey Turner, "Tell Nebi Yūnus: The ekal māšarti of Nineveh," Iraq, vol. 32, no. ane, pp. 68–85, 1970
10. ^ "Proud Nineveh" is an emblem of earthly pride in the Erstwhile Testament prophecies: "And He will stretch out His manus against the northward And destroy Assyria, And He will make Nineveh a desolation, Parched similar the wilderness." (Zephaniah 2:13).
11. ^ Chiliad. E. L. Mallowan, "The Bronze Head of the Akkadian Menstruation from Nineveh", Iraq Vol. 3, No. one (1936), 104–110.
12. ^ Kuyunjiq / Tell Nebi Yunis (ancient: Nineveh) Archived 2020-11-05 at the Wayback Machine colostate.edu
13. ^ Lambert, Westward. (2004). "Ištar of Nineveh". Iraq. 66 (Papers of the 49th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale): 38. doi:x.1017/S0021088900001595. S2CID 163889444.
14. ^ Gurney, O.R. (1936). "Keilschrifttexte nach Kopien von T. One thousand. Pinches. Aus dem Nachlass veröffentlicht und bearbeitet". Rchiv Fiir Orientforschung. xi: 358–359.
15. ^ ^{a b} Ian Shaw, A Dictionary of Archæology. John Wiley & Sons, 2002 ISBN 0631235833 p427
16. ^ Polish-Syrian Expedition to Tell Arbid 2015
17. ^ Genesis 10:11 attributes the founding of Nineveh to an Asshur: "Out of that country went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh".
18. ^ ^{a b} Ashrafian, H. (2011). "An extinct Mesopotamian lion subspecies". Veterinary Heritage. 34 (2): 47–49.
19. ^ "The Seventy Wonders of the Aboriginal World" edited by Chris Scarre 1999 (Thames and Hudson)
20. ^ Reade, Julian, Assyrian Sculpture, pp. 56 (quoted), 65–71, 1998 (2d edn.), The British Museum Press, ISBN 9780714121413
21. ^ Time Life Lost Civilizations series: Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings. (1995)
22. ^ Thorkild Jacobsen and Seton Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan, Oriental Constitute Publication 24, Academy of Chicago Press, 1935
23. ^ Dalley, Stephanie (2013). The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-xix-966226-5.
24. ^ "Wall panel; relief British Museum". The British Museum.
25. ^ ^{a b c d east} Stephanie Dalley (1993), "Nineveh after 612 BC", Altorientalische Forschungen xx(ane): 134–147.
26. ^ Menko Vlaardingerbroek (2004), "The Founding of Nineveh and Babylon in Greek Historiography", Republic of iraq, vol. 66, Nineveh. Papers of the 49th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Function I, pp. 233–241.
27. ^ ^{a b c} Peter Webb, "Nineveh and Mosul", in O. Nicholason (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of Tardily Antiquity (Oxford Academy Press, 2018), vol. 2, p. 1078.
28. ^ J. Eastward. Reade (1998), "Greco-Parthian Nineveh", Iraq threescore: 65–83.
29. ^ Shuckford, Samuel; James Talboys Wheeler (1858), The sacred and profane history of the world continued, vol. one, pp. 106–107
30. ^ "Jubilees ix". www.pseudepigrapha.com . Retrieved 17 November 2017.
31. ^ VanderKam, "Jubilees, Book of" in 50. H. Schiffman and J. C. VanderKam (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Oxford University Press (2000), Vol. I, p. 435.
32. ^ Greek Septuagint.
33. ^ Geneva Bible.
34. ^ 1611 King James Bible.
35. ^ New King James Version.
36. ^ 2 Kings nineteen:36
37. ^ Isa. 37:37–38
38. ^ Nahum 1:14
39. ^ Nahum three:19
40. ^ Nahum two:6–11
41. ^ Isaiah x:5–19
42. ^ Zephaniah two:13–15
43. ^ Jonah 3:3
44. ^ Jonah 4:11
45. ^ Genesis 10:11–12
46. ^ The NIV report Bible. Barker, Kenneth Fifty., Burdick, Donald W. (10th anniversary ed.). Thou Rapids, MI: Zondervan Pub. House. 1995. p. 1361. ISBN0-310-92568-1. OCLC 33344874. {{cite volume}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
47. ^ "Jonah 4 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". www.mechon-mamre.org.
48. ^ Also see these scriptural references: Gospel of MatthewMatthew 12:41, Gospel of LukeLuke 11:32 and Quran (37:139-148)
49. ^ "Three Mean solar day Fast of Nineveh". Syrian Orthodox Church. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
50. ^ Liverani 2016, p. 23. "Toward 1170 the rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, who was traveling throughout the Near Due east passing from one Hebrew community to another, having arrived at Mosul (which he chosen 'Assur the Nifty') had a clear idea (thanks to information given to him by his local colleagues) that across the Tigris was the famous Ninevah, in ruins but covered with villages and farms [...] X years later another rabbi, Petachia of Ratisbon, also arriving at Mosul (which he called the 'New Ninevah') and crossing the river, visited 'Old Ninevah', which he described as desolate and 'overthrown like Sodom' with the land blackness like pitch, without a blade of grass. [...] Myths apart, the localization of Ninevah remained a matter of common noesis and beyond argument; diverse western travelers (such every bit Jean Baptiste Tavernier in 1644, and then Bourguignon d'Anville in 1779) confirmed it, and some soundings followed."
51. ^ Pusey, Edward Bouverie (1888), The Minor Prophets, with a Commentary, Explanatory and Practical, and Introductions to the Several Books, Book II, p.123
52. ^ A. H. Layard, Nineveh and Its Remains, John Murray, 1849
53. ^ A. H. Layard, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, John Murray, 1853
54. ^ A. H. Layard, The Monuments of Nineveh; From Drawings Made on the Spot, John Murray, 1849
55. ^ A. H. Layard, A 2d serial of the monuments of Nineveh, John Murray, 1853
56. ^ Liverani 2016, pp. 32–33.
57. ^ John Malcolm Russell, From Nineveh to New York: The Strange Story of the Assyrian Reliefs in the Metropolitan Museum & the Hidden Masterpiece at Canford School, Yale Academy Press, 1997, ISBN 0-300-06459-iv
58. ^ George Smith, Assyrian Discoveries: An Account of Explorations and Discoveries on the Site of Nineveh, During 1873 and 1874, Southward. Low-Marston-Searle and Rivington, 1876
59. ^ Hormuzd Rassam and Robert William Rogers, Asshur and the Land of Nimrod, Curts & Jennings, 1897
60. ^ R. Campbell Thompson and R. Westward. Hutchinson, "The excavations on the temple of Nabu at Nineveh," Archaeologia, vol. 79, pp. 103–148, 1929
61. ^ R. Campbell Thompson and R. Westward. Hutchinson, "The site of the palace of Ashurnasirpal II at Nineveh excavated in 1929–thirty," Liverpool Register of Archaeology and Anthropology, vol. 18, pp. 79–112, 1931
62. ^ R. Campbell Thompson and R. West. Hamilton, "The British Museum excavations on the temple of Ishtar at Nineveh 1930–31," Liverpool Annals of Archeology and Anthropology, vol. 19, pp. 55–116, 1932
63. ^ R. Campbell Thompson and M East L Mallowan, "The British Museum excavations at Nineveh 1931–32," Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, vol. 20, pp. 71–186, 1933
64. ^ Mohammed Ali Mustafa, Sumer, vol. 10, pp. 110–eleven, 1954
65. ^ Mohammed Ali Mustafa, Sumer, vol. 11, pp. iv, 1955
66. ^ Tariq Madhloom, Excavations at Nineveh: A preliminary report, Sumer, vol. 23, pp. 76–79, 1967
67. ^ Tariq Madhloom, Excavations at Nineveh: The 1967–68 Campaign, Sumer, vol 24, pp. 45–51, 1968
68. ^ Tariq Madhloom, Excavations at Nineveh: The 1968–69 Entrada, Sumer, vol. 25, pp. 43–49, 1969
69. ^ "Shelby White – Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications – Nineveh Publication Grant". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2011-05-16 .
70. ^ "Officials: ISIS blows up Jonah's tomb in Iraq". CNN.com. 2014-07-24. Retrieved 2014-07-24 .
71. ^ "Explore the IS Tunnels". BBC News. 22 Nov 2018.
72. ^ ^{a b} "Gates of Nineveh". Madain Project . Retrieved 10 May 2019.
73. ^ ^{a b c} Romey, Kristin (nineteen April 2016), "Exclusive Photos Prove Destruction of Nineveh Gates by ISIS", National Geographic, The National Geographical Society
74. ^ "ISIS 'bulldozed' aboriginal Assyrian city of Nimrud, Iraq says". Rappler. March 5, 2015. Retrieved July seven, 2020.
75. ^ "Iraqi Digital Investigation Team Confirms ISIS Destruction of Gate in Nineveh". Bellingcat. Baronial 29, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
76. ^ Diana Pickworth, Excavations at Nineveh: The Halzi Gate, Iraq, vol. 67, no. 1, Nineveh. Papers of the 49th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Part 2, pp. 295–316, 2005
77. ^ "Cultural Assessment of Iraq: The Country of Sites and Museums in Northern Iraq – Nineveh". National Geographic News. May 2003.
78. ^ Borger, Julian (ii March 2016). "Mosul dam engineers warn it could fail at any fourth dimension, killing 1m people". The Guardian. guardian.co.great britain. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
79. ^ "Globalheritagefund.org". Archived from the original on August 20, 2012.
80. ^ "Iraq: Isis militants pledge to destroy remaining archaeological". The Contained. February 27, 2015.
81. ^ "ISIL video shows destruction of 7th century artifacts". america.aljazeera.com.
82. ^ Warda, W, Christians of Iraq: Ba-oota d' Ninevayee or the Fast of the Ninevites, re-accessed eleven September 2016
83. ^ Herbert F. Tucker, Epic. United kingdom's Heroic Muse 1790–1910, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008, p. 256-261.

References [edit]

 This commodity incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Nineveh". Easton'south Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.

• Russell, John Malcolm (1992), Sennacherib's "Palace without Rival" at Nineveh, University Of Chicago Press, ISBN0-226-73175-eight
• Barnett, Richard David (1976), Sculptures from the n palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (668-627 B.C.), British Museum Publications Ltd, ISBN0-7141-1046-9
• Campbell Thompson, R.; Hutchinson, R. Due west. (1929), A century of exploration at Nineveh, Luzac
• Bezold, Carl, Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British Museum
  • Volume I, 1889
  • Book 2, Printed by club of the Trustees, 1891
  • Book Three, 1893
  • Volume IV, 1896
  • Volume Five, Printed by club of the Trustees, 1899
• Catalogue of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British Museum, British Museum
  • King, W. L. (1914), Supplement I
  • Lambert, W. M. (1968), Supplement II
  • Lambert, Due west. G. (1992), Supplement III, ISBN0-7141-1131-7
• Liverani, Mario (2016) [2013], Immaginare Babele [Imagining Babylon: The Modern Story of an Ancient Metropolis], translated past Campbell, Alisa, De Gruyter, ISBN978-1-61451-602-6
• Scott, M. Louise; MacGinnis, John (1990), Notes on Nineveh, Republic of iraq, vol. 52, pp. 63–73
• Trümpler, C., ed. (2001), Agatha Christie and Archaeology, The British Museum Printing, ISBN978-0714111483 - Nineveh 5, Vessel Pottery 2900 BC
• Leick, Gwendolyn (2010), The A to Z of Mesopotamia, Scarecrow Printing - Early worship of Ishtar, Early on / Prehistoric Nineveh
• Durant, Will (1954), Our oriental heritage, Simon & Schuster – Early on / Prehistoric Nineveh

External links [edit]

Look up Nineveh in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Eatables has media related to Nineveh.

• Joanne Farchakh-Bajjaly photos of Nineveh taken in May 2003 showing damage from looters
• John Malcolm Russell, "Stolen stones: the modern sack of Nineveh" in Archeology; looting of sculptures in the 1990s
• Nineveh page Archived 2015-09-26 at the Wayback Automobile at the British Museum's website. Includes photographs of items from their collection.
• Academy of California Digital Nineveh Archives A teaching and inquiry tool presenting a comprehensive picture of Nineveh within the history of archaeology in the Well-nigh Due east, including a searchable data repository for meaningful assay of currently unlinked sets of data from different areas of the site and dissimilar episodes in the 160-yr history of excavations
• CyArk Digital Nineveh Archives, publicly attainable, free depository of the data from the previously linked UC Berkeley Nineveh Athenaeum project, fully linked and georeferenced in a UC Berkeley/CyArk research partnership to develop the annal for open web use. Includes creative eatables-licensed media items.
• Photos of Nineveh, 1989–1990
• ABC three Archived 2016-11-ten at the Wayback Machine: Babylonian Relate Concerning the Fall of Nineveh
• Layard's Nineveh and its Remains- total text

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh

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